Summary of the Somali Language

Summary of the Somali Language Amal Mohamed The Motherland   Ã‚   The place where scientist believe all humans came from is now inhabited by Middle Eastern and North African descends, Somalia. Somalia is a country in the horn of Africa but what makes their culture different from the American culture or any other is that its made up of homogenous people with the same religion, language, ethnicity, and culture. Despite the fact a Roman Catholic cathedral being located in the Somalia capitol Mogadishu, Somalia is a completely Muslim country that follows the teaching of Islam. Islam came to Somalia at a time when Prophet Muhammads companions sought refuge across the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa to escape the prosecution they faced for being Muslim. It is believed that Somalis adopted and accepted the teachings of Islam way before any other Muslim or Arab country did. Islam had been part of the Somali society for more than 1400 years. Majority of the Somali people are Sunni Muslims except for the few who are Sufis. Somalia being a Muslim country and following the teachings of Islam the Sharia Law is used on daily basis,(Quora) Islamic sharia or Islamic law is the religious legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. The term sharia comes from the Arabic language term sharÄ «ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¿ah , which means a body of moral and religious law derived from religious prophecy, as opposed to human legislation. Many Somali scholars have remarkably defined the route of Muslim learning and practices throughout the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and furthermore, producing numerous important Islamic figures over the centuries. Uthman bin Ali ZaylaI of Zeila whom is Somali being amongst them. (Ethnomed) Almost all Somalis are Sunni. The religion has a much more comprehensive role in life than is typical in the Americas or Europe. Islam is a belief system, a culture, a structure for government, and a way of life. Thus in Somalia, attitudes, social customs, and gender roles are primarily based on Islamic tradition. For example, the Islamic calendar is based on the lunar month and begins numbering from the year Mohammed arrived in Medina; both this and the Julian calendar are officially recognized and used. In Somalia religion whole big part of the country. The Somali languages is mixed with Arabic, English, and Italian. The language spoken in some many country including Ethiopia, Kenya and Eritrea and further into the North Africa. The three main language the spoken in Somali is Benaadir, Maay, and Northern or Northern-Central. Maay Maay language mainly spoken in Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern of Somalia. (The refworld, Somalia) the southern Somali clans, stated that Maay Maay is a language spoken by clans in the inter-riverine area between the Shabeelle and the Jubba rivers (23 Sept. 1998). The clan families in this area are mainly the Rahanweyn and the Digil but there are also other groups who speak Maay Maay, such as many Bantu villagers along the Jubba and Shabeelle who may not have Somali clan affiliations. The associate professor further stated that due to recent migrations, there are certainly Maay Maay speakers in other parts of Somalia (ibid.). The Benaadir is the 2nd popular language in somila. Benaadir i s usually spoken in Mogadishu (the capital city in Somalia) The Somali ethnicity come from Hamitic people but have Cushitic culture. They are divided into two main clan the Samaal, which includes the Darod, Isaaq, Hawiye, and Dir clan groups the Saab, which includes the Rahanweyn and Digil clans and other smaller clan groups thats not popular. The (Samaal) A Samaal clan kept count of the generations between living members of the group and the ancestor for whom it was named; the greater the number of generations (which often implied substantial internal segmentation into sub clans or lineages) the greater the clans prestige. The sab is the Swedish and they live in the west of Somalia. You dont see them much in t north of Somalia. The Saab language is way different them the Samaal. They usually speak the old language and they are not much of them in the city.       The Somalia culture is way different then the American culture and any other because the Somalia culture is influenced by the religion, Islam. The religion has big influenced in clothing and food. When it comes to the clothing, most Somali dress in adherence to Islamic principles. The Men wears clothe that must cover from neck to knee, and women must be covered from neck to ankle in non-form-fitting clothing. Married women may additionally wear a head scarf /or a shawl (Culture of Somalia). Most Somali speak the Somali language and Arabic because of the influence of Islam, The Quran is writing in Arabic thats why they must learn how to read and write Arabic. (Blog Entries) The Somali practice Muslim holidays, such as Ramadan, the month of fasting to celebrate the revelation of the Quran; Id al-Fitr; the First of Muharram, when an angel shakes the tree of life and death; Maulid an-Nabi (a celebration of Muhammads birth); and Id al-Adha, which commemorates the story of Abraham and his son Ishmael (Shurgin, 2006). When it comes with the engagement, somalin ladys get arranged marriage and they get marry at young age 15 or 16. Marriage is highly valued in the Somali culture and if a woman is not married by the age of 16 she is bringing bad luck to her family. Same sex marriages are not allowed by law. You can get killed by the same sex marriage. (Somalia culture) Marriage traditions in Somalia indicate that in times when a marriage is arranged without consent of the couple, the woman may refuse the marriage if she gains her mothers support. To avoid this situation, the father or male relative of the woman may try to formalize the union without telling the family. Arranged marriages in Somalia can also take place through the conversation of women between sparring tribes, which is viewed as closing a peace agreement. In the American culture the man would ask the father of his girlfriend for her hand in marriage. If the father approves and says yes, then man will propose to his girlfriend. http://countrystudies.us/somalia/38.htm http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Somalia-ETHNIC-GROUPS.html http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Somalia.html https://ethnomed.org/culture/somali/somali-cultural-profile http://www.bradleyfarless.com/culture-clash-small-town-american-vs-somalian-immigrant-culture/ Works Cited Feature: March/April 2017. Feature: March/April 2017 EthnoMed. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. N.p., n.d. Web. Somalia Ethnic Groups. Encyclopedia of the Nations. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. Somalia Samaal. Somalia Samaal. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. Somalia. Countries and Their Cultures. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. Somalia History, Language and Culture. World Travel Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.

Paper Critique: “Airavat: Security and Privacy for Mapreduce” Essay

1. (10%) State the problem the paper is trying to solve. This paper is trying to demonstrate how Airavat, a MapReduce-based system for distributed computations provides end-to-end confidentiality, integrity, and privacy guarantees using a combination of mandatory access control and differential privacy which provides security and privacy guarantees against data leakage. 2. (20%) State the main contribution of the paper:   solving a new problem, proposing a new algorithm, or presenting a new evaluation (analysis). If a new problem, why was the problem important? Is the problem still important today? Will the problem be important tomorrow? If a new algorithm or new evaluation (analysis), what are the improvements over previous algorithms or evaluations? How do they come up with the new algorithm or evaluation? The main contribution of the paper is that Airavat builds on mandatory access control (MAC) and differential privacy to ensure untrusted MapReduce computations on sensitive data do not leak private information and provide confidentiality, integrity, and privacy guarantees. The goal is to prevent malicious computation providers from violating privacy policies a data provider imposes on the data to prevent leaking information about individual items in the data. The system is implemented as a modification to MapReduce and the Java virtual machine, and runs on top of SELinux 3. (15%) Summarize the (at most) 3 key main ideas (each in 1 sentence.) (1) First work to add MAC and differential privacy to mapreduce. (2) Proposes a new framework for privacy preserving mapreduce computations. (3) Confines untrusted code. 4. (30%) Critique the main contribution a. Rate the significance of the paper on a scale of 5 (breakthrough), 4 (significant contribution), 3 (modest contribution), 2 (incremental contribution), 1 (no contribution or negative contribution). Explain your rating in a sentence or two. This system provides security and privacy guarantees for distributed computations on sensitive data at the ends. However, the data still can be leaked in the cloud. Because multiple machines are involved in the computation and malicious worker can sent the intermediate data to the outside system, which threatens the privacy of the input data. Even not to this extent, temporary data is stored in the workers and those data can be fetched even after computation is done. b. Rate how convincing the methodology is: how do the authors justify the solution approach or evaluation? Do the authors use arguments, analyses, experiments, simulations, or a combination of them? Do the claims and conclusions follow from the arguments, analyses or experiments? Are the assumptions realistic (at the time of the research)? Are the assumptions still valid today? Are the experiments well designed? Are there different experiments that would be more convincing? Are there other alternatives the authors should have considered? (And, of course, is the paper free of methodological errors.) As the author’s stated on page 3 â€Å"We aim to prevent malicious computation providers from violating the privacy policy of the data provider(s) by leaking information about individual data items.† They use differential privacy mechanism to ensure this. One interesting solution to data leakage is that they have the mapper specify a range of its keys. It seems like that the larger your data set is, the more privacy you have because a user affects less of the output, if removed. They showed results that were really close to 100% with the added noise, it seems this is viable solution to protect the privacy of your data input c. What is the most important limitation of the approach? As the authors mention, one computation provider could exhaust this budget on a dataset for all other computation providers and use more than its fair share. While there is some estimation of effective parameters, there are a large number of parameters that must be set for Airavat to work properly. This increases the probability of misconfigurations or configurations that might severely limit the computations that can be performed on the data. 5. (15%) What lessons should researchers and builders take away from this work. What (if any) questions does this work leave open? The current implementation of Airavat supports both trusted and untrusted Mappers, but Reducers must be trusted and they also modified the JVM to make mappers independent (using invocation numbers to identify current and previous mappers). They also modified the reducer to provide differential privacy. From the data provider’s perspective they must provide several privacy parameters like- privacy group and privacy budget. 6. (10%) Propose your improvement on the same problem. I have no suggested improvements.

Book Review on Life Strategies for Teens Essay

This book tells about the ten Life Laws that the author’s father has written about, but into a way that teens can easily understand. These Life Laws are to get us understand more why our lives are like this at the moment, what we have done has led our lives to be like this. The Laws are to help us to get back onto the right track with life, dealing with the problems we face, creating our own lives and future. It tells us that it is up to ourselves to create a life that we want; it is all by our control. I haven’t learnt really much, in a narrow speaking definition, of studying in this book, as it most tells me about the attitude and things to do, concerning our whole lives but not just on studying. But Life Law Four ‘You cannot change what you do not acknowledge’ did help me to see that there are actually more I can do to improve my results and to achieve success. I came to know that I should have done much more. As it says in the book that ‘Life rewards action’ as Life Law five, I came to realize that I have much more that I want to achieve than I had even thought of. As I get to know that not until I do it, I would never know what is out there waiting for me. There are always greater possibilities than we could ever imagine for ourselves. We should always aim for more and higher, as long as you have the desire and is willing to do the things you want to do, you always can, in one way or the other. So after reading the book, there are a few things I would like to achieve. I would, of course, want to keep up with my result, as the curriculum will only be harder and requires more effort to be paid. Schedule is expected to be filled up with homework, tests, exam and revision, as well as projects of different subjects. Apart from keeping up my result and a GPA of 3. 5 or above, I would like myself to do more extra work for studying, like to prepare more before the lesson, read some more extra information about that topic, or even do more drilling papers. History is the subject that I would like myself to work extra hard on, not for getting an ‘A’, but to enrich myself with the subject and be more passionate about it. Other subjects are to be work hard on as well, but I will just put more effort on History, as t is what I want to do and is able to do. I should really strive the best and to exceed myself for my goals. Also, in a broader meaning of studying, I have learnt much about my life from this book. It somehow teaches me to have a better attitude on different aspects in life, with friends, with parents, in school, and most importantly me. About what I should do for the rest of my life, how I should deal with problems, face difficulties, and to go through the life journey with a smile on my face, as least knowing why everything would happen in such a way, and to change it into the way I want life to be. Both the first Life Law and the second Life Law, which are ‘You either get it, or you don’t’ and ‘You create your own experience’ it is just so true in my life. I really I had been struggling before I made the decision of switching school a year ago. I wasn’t doing so well in my school or with my classmates. I felt so ‘whatever’ all the time, thinking that this is just what I get, I have to go with it, I have to suffer it, etc. I didn’t think that I could have changed it, I didn’t think that I could change my own life into a better way. It wasn’t until one day, while chatting with my friend, she was talking all about the fun things she experienced in school, and I was thinking ‘Oh, I just wish I could be like her as well. ’ Then, she asked me ‘Hey, how is your school going? ’ I was astonished. I was thinking that I had told my friends a thousand times that my school isn’t going well and I simply hate it, why could she ask me like this? So, I asked her ‘I told you it isn’t so great, why you are asking again? ’ She shrugged ‘Well, I don’t know if you may have changed it or do something with it, as to make yourself happier or what. I froze there, wondering why on earth she thought I could have changed my life into a happier stage. Then I started to think hard, is there something I can change? Is my life really having no hope at all? From there, I thought as hard as I could ever have. Then, I gradually understand why I had my life so miserable and I chose to change it with the decision of switching school. By now, I have proven that I have my own control with my life. I see the change in myself, from not knowing what I am going to do with my life, to having a clear goal on my life and being optimistic with my own life. I have more friends, I work harder in school, I started to get better results, etc all these I can see myself changing and it proves that I really do have the power to change my life into a better way. After reading the first two Life Law, now I understand more on my life. I now get to know how I have chosen for myself to be happy. It is always good to know that you have done something right, isn’t it? And I am now more sure of how to make myself happy in my life. Now, here comes the third Life Law of ‘People do what works’. It tells that people, teenager here, sometimes found themselves doing something stupid over and over again. In this chapter, it stated that the people continue to do these things because they are getting ‘payoffs’. I get to realize why I still come back home later than my mum expected and I always knew that I am going to be scolded or even punished, but still I continued to be late at home. After reading this chapter and know more about it, I got to understand that my ‘payoffs’ is having more time with friends and don’t need to be home under my parents’ control. As I got to know what is my ‘payoffs’ and what I have in return, I can now balance the two things that I want. I can now tell myself that if I go back home punctually and always tell where I would go to my parents, they’d trust me and give me more degree of freedom and I could have more time with my friends. I now see another way to get what I want. Life Law Six: There is no reality, only perception. It somehow tells me that sometimes how I think of other people may not be the exact way that they think. I now get to know that I can choose how I think of other people and myself. By knowing this, I can now choose how to think others and the way I treat them. If I can always look at the good side of people, I can be happier with them, since I know they are good people with good intension. My life could be happier. As my emotions would be affected by my perceptions about people around me. I also learn that I should be influence by my personal view on a person, as there is always a great possibility that I would misjudge them. For the rest of the Life Laws, they are also useful and can be applied to my life, as to make my life happier and more meaningful. By ‘We teach people how to treat us’; I know that how I should do to earn my parents’ trust, and y own freedom. More importantly, I now understand how I should do to get a good impression with people. All the ten Life Laws have brought me to a deeper understanding of my present life, not just how I study but my life being myself and what I should live my whole life. Life Law Seven ‘Life is managed, it is not cured’ it emphasized once again that we are the one who controls our lives. We should always choose for ourselves, the way we treat others, the way we treat ourselves. This book has taught me much about life, not just studying in school but studying through my whole life.

Starbucks Performance Management - 5640 Words

|Spiritual performance from an organizational perspective: the Starbucks way | |Joan F. Marques. Corporate Governance. Bradford:2008. Vol. 8, Iss. 3, p. 248-257 | Abstract (Summary) The purpose of this paper is to illustrate spiritual performance from the perspective of a globally operating corporation. The paper uses spirituality at work as its subject-matter and takes the form of a literature review. The paper approaches the topic by: giving a general overview of the shift in global corporate behavior; a short historical review of American business culture; defining workplace spirituality; examining Starbucks Corporations performance from three angles: suppliers and†¦show more content†¦(2006, p. 546) define as, related to hiring and promoting employees on the basis of the parent companys home country frame of reference. In line with the above, Professor Vincent Ostrom stresses that a new science of politics is necessary to forge a new democratic world for the 21st century, one that draws on human capacities to craft the rules of self-governance through reflection and choice (in [21] Shivakumar, 2005, p. 199). Ostrom further explains, To do so, we beg in with the belief that human beings possess the potential to improve their well-being by devising rules to govern their association with each other (in [21] Shivakumar, 2005, p. 199). Ostrom concludes, Drawing upon mutual understandings, these rules shape behavior in situations where individuals can jointly realize opportunities to improve their well-being (in [21] Shivakumar, 2005, p. 199). 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